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Natural Ventilation of a department store.

Windcatchers are the structures, those used for passive ventilation of the indoor spaces without the usage of conventional energy sources. In this study, a house model is used as an example and the performances of several windcatcher designs on air exchange rate analyzed by using CFD.

Millions of people in the world live without clean water and access to basic sanitary facilities. The majority are based in isolated rural areas and spend hours every day walking to collect water for their family.

This not only keeps children out of school or take up time that parents could be using to earn a living, but the water often carries diseases. These diseases develop and spread due to inadequate sanitation and hygiene, particularly through toilets. For reasons of groundwater protection, the flushing and disposal of waste must be carried out without the use of water.

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